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In page Pope Gregory VII:

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He wished to see all important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome naturally involved a curtailment of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to submit voluntarily and tried to assert their traditional independence, his papacy is full of struggles against the higher ranks of the clergy.[1] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.[citation needed]