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Magnetic mirror research continued in Russia. One example is the Gas Dynamic Trap, an experimental fusion machine used at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Akademgorodok (Academic Town) in Novosibirsk (New Siberia), Russia. This machine achieved a 0.6 beta ratio for 5⨉10−3 seconds, at a low temperature of 1 keV. Technical challenges included maintaining the non-Maxwellian velocity distribution. This meant that instead of many high energy ions hitting one another, the ion energy diffused into a bell curve. The ions then thermalized, leaving most of the material too cold to fuse. Collisions scattered the charged particles so much that they could not be contained. Lastly, velocity space instabilities contributed to the escape of the plasma.[citation needed]