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During the pre-classical and classical period, such laws emerged as the separation of ownership and possession; contract and tort as distinct sources of obligations; standard types of contracts (sale, contract for work, hire, contract for services) regulated in most continental codes; the Institutes of Gaius, which invented a system of private law based on the division of all material into personae (persons), res (things) and actiones (legal actions). Gaius's system was used for many centuries, and has been recognized in legal treatises like William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England and enactments like the French Code civil and the German BGB.^{[citation needed]}